I
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HYPERION was the Titan god of light, one of the sons of Ouranos (Heaven) and Gaia (Earth), and the father of the lights of heaven--Eos the Dawn, Helios the Sun, and Selene the Moon. His wife was Theia, lady of the aither--the shining blue of the sky. Hyperion's name means "watcher from above" or 'he who goes above' from the greek words hyper and iôn.
Hyperion was one of the four Titan brothers who conspired with Kronos in the castration of their father Ouranos. When Sky descended to lie with Earth, Hyperion, Krios, Koios and Iapetos--posted at the four corners of the world--seized hold of their father and held him fast while Kronos castrated him with a sickle. In this myth these four Titanes personify the great pillars which appear in Near-Eastern cosmogonies holding heaven and earth apart, or else the entire cosmos aloft. As the father of the sun and dawn, Hyperion was no doubt regarded as the Titan of the pillar of the east. His brothers Koios, Krios and Iapetos presided respectively over the north, south and west.
The Titanes were eventually deposed by Zeus and cast into the pit of Tartaros. Hesiod describes this as a void located beneath the foundations of all, where earth, sea and sky have their roots. Here the Titanes shift in cosmological terms from being holders of heaven to bearers of the entire cosmos. According to Pindar and Aeschylus (in his lost play Prometheus Unbound) the Titanes were eventually released from the pit through the clemency of Zeus.
2
Hyperion was one of the twelve Titan gods of Ancient Greece, which were later supplanted by the Olympians. He was also the lord of light, and the titan of the east. He was the son of Gaia (the physical incarnation of Earth) and Uranus (literally meaning 'the Sky'), and was referred to in early mythological writings as Helios Hyperion (Ἥλιος Υπερίων), 'Sun High-one'. But in the Odyssey, Hesiod's Theogony and the Homeric Hymn to Demeter the Sun is once in each work called Hyperionides (περίδής) 'son of Hyperion', and Hesiod certainly imagines Hyperion as a separate being in other writings. In later Ancient Greek literature, Hyperion is always distinguished from Helios - the former was ascribed the characteristics of the 'God of Watchfulness and Wisdom', while the latter became the physical incarnation of the Sun. Hyperion plays virtually no role in Greek culture and little role in mythology, save in lists of the twelve Titans. Later Greeks intellectualized their myths:
'Of Hyperion we are told that he was the first to understand, by diligent attention and observation, the movement of both the sun and the moon and the other stars, and the seasons as well, in that they are caused by these bodies, and to make these facts known to others; and that for this reason he was called the father of these bodies, since he had begotten, so to speak, the speculation about them and their nature.' —Diodorus Siculus (5.67.1)
There is little to no reference to Hyperion during the Titanomachy, the epic in which the Olympians battle the ruling Titans, or the Gigantomachy, in which Gaia attempts to avenge the Titans by enlisting the aid of the giants ("Γίγαντες") that were imprisoned in Tartarus to facilitate the overthrow of the Olympians.
II
Hyperionin kohtalolaulu
Ylhäällä valossa kuljette
vienoilla kentillä, henget autuaat!
Jumal-ilmat väikkyvät
koskevat otsaanne hiljaa
niinkuin soittajan sormet
kieliä pyhiä.
Vailla kohtaloa,
lailla nukkuvan rintalapsen
henkivät taivahiset,
puhtaina säilyneet
ujojen nuppujen suojassa.
Henkensä heidän
iäti kukkiva on,
ja silmien autuaitten
syvä katse tulvii
iankaikkista, hiljaista kirkkautta.
Mutta ei meille missään
rauhan sijaa suotu.
Kärsivät ihmiset
hukkuvat, putoavat
suin päin, sokkoina hetkestä
toiseen hetkeen
kuin vesi putoaa kallionkieleltä
kallionkielelle
tuntemattoman syliin.
Friedrich Hölderlin
*
Käännös: Uuno Kailas, 1924: Kaunis Saksa: sarja saksalaista lyriikkaa. Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, Porvoo.
III
Vaikka Hölderliniä ei yleensä luokitella varsinaisiin varhaisromantiikan runoilijoihin, hänen filosofista kantaansa on kuitenkin pidetty romantiikalle tyypillisenä. Hölderlin ei ollut julkaiseva ammattifilosofi, mutta hän vaikutti merkittävästi saksalaisen idealismin muodostumiseen.
Postuumisti julkaistussa Urtheil und Seyn -katkelmassaan Hölderlin arvosteli Fichteä, joka lähti idealistisessa filosofiassaan liikkeelle puhtaasta tajunnasta, jolla ei ole objektia. Hölderlinin mukaan sen sijaan tällainen tajunnan tila ei ole ajateltavissa.
Fichten lause ”Minä olen Minä”, jonka pitäisi ilmaista tajunnan identtisyyttä itsensä kanssa, on Hölderlinin mukaan virheellinen, koska jo väitelauseen (Urteil) muoto edellyttää alkujakoa (Ur-teil) kahtia subjektiin ja predikaattiin. Tämän vuoksi Hölderlin etsi filosofian lähtökohdaksi absoluuttista olemista, joka ei voi kuitenkaan olla mikään tietty tajunnan sisältö. Kyseessä on silti edellytys, joka filosofian on välttämättä tehtävä.
Hölderlin oli vakuuttunut, että filosofia ei voi esittää tätä puhdasta olemista, ykseyttä, väitelauseen muodossa. Tämä filosofian rajoittuneisuus on peruste sille, että Hölderlin hylkäsi filosofian ja omistautui runoudelle, jonka hän uskoi kykenevän artikuloimaan ihmisenä olemisen ehdot filosofiaa paremmin - [wiki].
IV
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Hyperions Schicksalslied
von Friedrich Hölderlin
Ihr wandelt droben im Licht
Auf weichem Boden, selige Genien!
Glänzende Götterlüfte
Rühren euch leicht,
Wie die Finger der Künstlerin
Heilige Saiten.
Schicksallos, wie der schlafende
Säugling, atmen die Himmlischen;
Keusch bewahrt
In bescheidener Knospe,
Blühet ewig
Ihnen der Geist,
Und die seligen Augen
Blicken in stiller
Ewiger Klarheit.
Doch uns ist gegeben,
Auf keiner Stätte zu ruhn,
Es schwinden, es fallen
Die leidenden Menschen
Blindlings von einer
Stunde zur andern,
Wie Wasser von Klippe
Zu Klippe geworfen,
Jahr lang ins Ungewisse hinab.
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Hyperion's Song of Destiny
by Fr. Hölderlin
Holy spirits, you walk up there
in the light, on soft earth.
Shining god-like breezes
touch upon you gently,
as a woman's fingers
play music on holy strings.
Like sleeping infants the gods
breathe without any plan;
the spirit flourishes continually
in them, chastely kept,
as in a small bud,
and their holy eyes
look out in still
eternal clearness.
A place to rest
isn't given to us.
Suffering humans
decline and blindly fall
from one hour to the next,
like water thrown
from cliff to cliff,
year after year,
down into the Unknown.
*
http://www.theoi.com/Titan/TitanHyperion.html
http://bitten.forumotion.com/t286-titan-hyperion
http://fi.wikisource.org/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin
http://www.icompositions.com/music/song.php?sid=66635
http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperion_(mythology)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperion_(H%C3%B6lderlin_novel)
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=hyperion&searchmode=none
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